Estate planning for expatriate investors on the French Riviera

The Hague Convention of 14 March 1978 provides for various cases of automatic change in matrimonial regime merely because of a change of residence. We often talk about "involuntary" change of matrimonial regime, of "time bomb" and of "unsafe" automatic mutability because many spouses are unaware that they have changed their matrimonial regime simply by having moved. What is more, when spouses do become aware of the situation, it is often too late. This automatic mutability can present considerable difficulties in determining the property owned by each spouse, particularly in the context of an estate or divorce settlement. This risk is a real one for all spouses married after 1 September 1992 and who did not sign a prenuptial contract before their wedding or specify under which law they married. For them, the law on habitual residence will replace the previously applicable law in three situations: *When the couple set their new habitual residence in the territory of the State of which they are both nationals. In this case the spouses are automatically and immediately subject to the law of that State. (Example: two French nationals had settled in England after their marriage in 1994. No marriage contract had been signed. If they return to settle in France, they will automatically be subject to French law and therefore the legal regime of community of aquests (limited to assets acquired after the marriage). *When the couple establish their habitual residence for at least 10 years in a country different from that of their first marital residence. In this situation, from the 11th year, the law of the State where the spouses have their habitual residence will replace the law previously applicable. * If the spouses were previously subject to their common national law in the absence of common residence in the same State at the time of marriage. However, it is necessary that the State of nationality has not made a declaration in favour of the national law. (Example: two Moroccan spouses were married in Morocco in 1995, without a prenuptial contract prior to their marriage. The husband was already working in France and returned there to live after the wedding while his wife remained in Morocco. In the absence of a common habitual residence, the spouses were therefore subject to Moroccan law and separation of property. When the wife came to join her husband in France, the couple automatically became subject to the French legal regime of community of acquests (limited to assets acquired after the marriage). ) To avoid the difficulties entailed by this automatic change of matrimonial regime, it is strongly recommended, in an international context, to have a marriage contract drawn up in presence of a notary in order to fix the choice of matrimonial regime. To this end, Ms. Alexandra ETASSE, in charge of the International Department of the Etasse et Associés law office, will advise and assist you in choosing the matrimonial regime best suited to your situation. 

Located in the heart of the 17th district of Paris in a private mansion, the Firm is managed by six notaries with the support of thirty employees including seven graduate notaries. Our aim is to combine modernity and the tradition of a centuries-old firm, to assist our clients in the most efficient and secure manner. The Firm ETASSE et associes is an experienced and qualified firm of French Lawyers (“Notaires”). While maintaining our approach as a generalist notary, our teams work in various specialities: family law, real estate law, international private law, complex real estate property portfolios, estate management, company law, urban planning law, administrative law, tax law, etc. In order to provide the legal security and counselling necessary for carrying out one’s projects, we take pains to assist our clients to the best of our ability with professionalism, reactivity and efficiency as well as with independence and rigour in the strictest observance of our notarial code of ethics. We work both with national and international clients, private individuals at each key step in their personal and professional life as well as with our institutional and professional clients. The international dimension is increasingly present within both the professional and private lives of our fellow citizens. The increasing mobility of people and capital means that situations involving foreign (international) elements are multiplying, leading to the coexistence of several legal and taxation systems, which raises specific issues that need to be anticipated at best.  The practice of Private International Law requires special expertise. To this end, ETASSE et Associés includes a department specialised in Private International Law.Maître Alexandra ETASSE, in charge of the law office’s International Department, is a certified specialist of Private International Law. Maître Alexandra ETASSE was appointed notary in 2007 and has been a partner since that time.  Me Alexandra ETASSE, who heads this department, is certified as an expert in Private International Law. Due to her dual curriculum – completed both in France and abroad –, her diplomas in Private International Law and her professional experience both in France and the United Kingdom, she is able to assist you with international issues, even complex. She acquired part of her international professional experience by working within a renowned legal office / family office, based in London, where she worked for some 3 years before becoming a partner within ETASSE et Associés.     She holds a Master’s Degree in international law from the University of Canterbury (England), an International Notarial Law Degree, a Private International Law Degree and an International Private Law Specialization Certificate. as well as a university diploma in Estate Management. She is recognised as a specialist in Private International Law.  Her working languages are French and English Before joining the ETASSE et Associés law firm, Alexandra ETASSE worked for around three years in a well-known English legal firm, a sort of family office, based in London and specialising in acquisition by British citizens in France. She works in particular on files with an international dimension for English-speaking clients, cross-border clients, real estate sales, family law, estate planning. Since June 2015, she has also held a Certificate of Specialisation in International Private Law. Her dual training and professional experience, both in France and abroad, enables her to assist international clients, border residents, or clients residing outside of France, for the purchase, financing and estate planning.  pre-nuptial agreement or post-nuptial agreement, mortgages or financing, estate planning, trust and any other subjects pertaining to legal and taxation aspects as regards real estate ownership, inheritance or other modes of transmission. She also helps her clients find the most suitable way in which to acquire property in France and structure the financing and purchase of real estate in France. But the Firm ETASSE et associes has also various other areas of practice with the 4 others partners, who are all “Notaires” (French Lawyer).   Our fields of competence cover most areas of law and taxation: -          Family Law / Estate Planning * marriage contract,, pre/ post nuptial agreement, civil partnership contracts, PACS, cohabitation agreement, Marriage Regimes Amendments, * donation , liberality, and wills, * structuring and organising property ownership, *divorce, * estate planning and tax planning, * inheritance, * Assets Management, tax law, private weatlh   -          Residential/private real estate: * Residential private property law and tax : purchase, sale, resale, current apartment deeds, house, land, company shares (primary residence, secondary residence, rental investment); * mortgages and financing   -          Complex real estate property portfolio/real estate professionals: * real estate promotion, building lot, housing estate, parcelling of land, urban planning law, construction, data-room, institutional real estate, corporate real estate; * commercial and industrial real estate - Estate management, private management, fiscal optimisation, tax law, organisation and conveyance of estate, optimization of business transfer (‘pacte Dutreil’), optimisation of private and professional estate in France and abroad; - Corporate law and business law: real-estate company set-up (SCI), disposal of company shares, operation on capital (increase, decrease, contribution); - File in connection with international and transborder clients, particularly with English-speaking and Spanish-speaking clients: *international marriage, nuptial agreement / marriage contract, change of type of matrimonial regime, *acquisition by non-residents, foreigners, inhabitants of border areas or French living abroad, sale by non-residents, cross-border acquisition *international inheritance, trust, estate planning, * corporate law. * mortgage and financing * family law. Maître Gilbert ETASSE was appointed notary in 1979 and took over the law office in 1994 with Maître Marie-Therese ETASSE. He has a long experience in real estate law, family law and company law. The first honorary president of the “Chambre des Notaires de Paris”, he is involved in numerous missions bearing on the profession. Maître Marie-Therese ETASSE, notary partner since 1994, deals mainly with family law, settlement of inheritances, estate planning and real estate transactions for private individuals. Maître Virginie GUIMIER-MENARD, appointed notary in 2007, is the partner in charge of the Department of Real Estate Promotion, Construction and Complex Real Estate Property Portfolios. Maître Faïz AMDJAD, appointed partner notary in 2010, has a long experience in urban planning law and urban development. He also deals with all types of real estate transactions as well as with company law, tax law and family law. He holds a postgraduate professional degree (DESS) in public law.  

In an international context, husband and wife have the option of changing at any time the law applicable to their matrimonial regime. However, this choice is circumscribed by and limited to the following laws: -          that of the State of which one of them is a national, -          that of the State in which one of them is habitually resident at the time of the choice, -          that of the State where the immovable assets are located, but only in regard to these assets. This change of applicable law must result from an instrument executed in the form of a marriage contract. It may need to liquidate the previous regime. Steps to publicise such a change are necessary for opposability against third parties

Marriage, a union and mutual commitment between two people, is considered as being international in the three following scenarios: the union of two French nationals living abroad, of two foreign nationals living in France, or two spouses of different nationalities. Though these situations are increasingly frequent, special attention however needs to be paid to the requirements for international marriages to be recognised in order to ensure the latter's full effectiveness and avoid any subsequent difficulties. Generally speaking, to be recognised, a marriage must comply with the local rules applicable in the location where the marriage was celebrated, as regards the formal requirements (ex: civil or religious marriage, etc.) and the personal rules applicable to the spouses (depending on their nationality), as regards substantive requirements (ex: age of majority). The situation of French nationals abroad and foreign nationals in France must thus be distinguished. * conditions for the recognition of marriages between French nationals abroad: Many formalities must imperatively be observed should French nationals marry abroad. Before marrying, the future spouses will need to request the French consulate of the country in which the marriage is to be celebrated to establish a "certificate of no impediment". Next, the spouses will need to "publish the banns". Finally, the marriage will imperatively need to be recorded in the French civil status registers. To do so, the spouses will need to contact the French Consulate or Embassy. *conditions for the recognition of marriages between foreign nationals in France: In this case, the local rules – i.e. the French rules – will apply. The marriage will thus be celebrated before a French Civil Registrar. If the two spouses share the same foreign nationality, their marriage may also sometimes be celebrated in front of their country's consular or diplomatic authorities. However, the substantive requirements under the law of each of the spouses' countries will need to be observed (ex: as regards the age of majority) and the spouses will need to make sure that their national laws do not impose a religious celebration as a condition for validity. If the foreign law imposes the latter requirement, it would then be in the spouses' best interest to carry out a religious marriage after the civil marriage in order to ensure the effectiveness of their union in their country of origin.

Since 17 August 2015, a major European Regulation dated 4 July 2012 has come into effect. The provisions of this Regulation apply where the deceased died on or after 17 August 2015. The Regulation aims at unifying the laws on inheritance so that the assets left by the deceased, whether movable or immovable, will no longer be divided and subject to different laws. They will be subject to a single law, the law of the State in which the deceased had his habitual residence at time of death. But this law also allows for the planning of his estate. Thus, this Regulation allows people to choose their inheritance law and to designate their national law to govern the whole of their estate. This choice of law is called "professio juris".  For greater legal certainty it is strongly recommended that you make this choice of law in writing in the form of a will. Nevertheless, the designated law will apply only on condition that it is not contrary to international public order.  The International Department of ETASSE et Associés will assist you in drafting your wills in an international context and in this choice of inheritance law. Our team will give you advice for considering the possibilities offered by this Succession Regulation but also its limitations. Indeed, although the Succession Regulation is "universal" in character (applicable regardless of the nationality of the persons concerned, even if they are not nationals of a connected State), its opposability in regard to third countries may raise some difficulties. Moreover, the determination of "habitual residence at time of death" can sometimes be tricky. Warning: this Succession Regulation contains no provisions on taxation. It will therefore always be necessary to refer to the provisions of the Code Générale des Impôts (the French General Tax Code), to the tax treaties signed between France and many States, and possibly the national tax systems of each State. Here again, seeking advice from the International Department of ETASSE et Associés will prove to be extremely usefu

The deceased's family record book and marriage contract, if any. An extract of the deceased's death certificate.  An authentic copy of the judgement of divorce or legal separation, if any An authentic copy of any gift between spouses the deceased may have formalised Any will the deceased may have drawn up, or name and address of the person who may have said will within their possession. All savings accounts. The bank information for each of the banks within which an account is opened in the name of the deceased and their spouse in the case of shared assets (including any joint bank accounts). Any registered or bearer securities at the place of residence. All documents pertaining to all pensions and retirement benefits received by the deceased or their spouse. The registration certificates for all vehicles belonging to the deceased and their spouse, in the case of shared vehicles. All information and documents concerning any receivables. Any life-insurance policies taken out by the deceased or their spouse (in the case of shared policies). Information on all property owned:  Authentic copies of all real estate acquisition deeds All leases and information on the rentals granted. The latest insurance premium receipts for the buildings. Name and address of the property manager.  Name and address of the property management company All information on the deceased's debts, i.e. all bills paid after their death for expenses incurred before their death: -           + Last illness costs. -           + Funeral expenses. -           + Loans. -           + Last tax notice. -           + Wealth tax. + Property tax. -           + Local tax.  + Miscellaneous bills.  Any information on the benefits the deceased may have received as part of social assistance or the National solidarity fund.   You will also need to provide all information on any gifts made to their children during the marriage, as well as on any gifts or estates received by the deceased or their spouse during the marriage, and on any sale of private property having belonged to the deceased. Depending on the nature of the deceased's assets, additional documents may be required